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Are gender and ethnicity risk factors for metabolic syndrome in children?Public release date: 30-Jan-2013 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Vicki Cohn vcohn@liebertpub.com 914-740-2100 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc./Genetic Engineering News
New Rochelle, NY, January 30, 2013Metabolic syndrome is more likely to affect children who are obese than overweight or non-overweight and who have other characteristics associated with the disorder, such as high blood pressure or insulin resistance. A new comprehensive and systematic review of the medical literature on metabolic syndrome in children that probed deeper to evaluate the risk associated with gender, ethnicity, and geography was published in Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, a peer-reviewed journal from Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers. The article is available on the Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders website at http://www.liebertpub.com/met.
Amanda Friend, MBChB, Leone Craig, PhD, and Steve Turner, MD, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, assessed data from 85 studies and reported their findings in the article "The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Children: A Systematic Review of the Literature." Overall, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased substantially when comparing groups of overweight or obese children to whole populations of youths.
The authors found significant differences in metabolic syndrome prevalence for boys versus girls and for older compared to younger children. Some evidence suggested that there may also be an association between ethnicity and region of the world where a child lives and the prevalence of metabolic syndromea possible link that warrants further study.
"The authors should be lauded for their comprehensive and careful review of a group that has been largely ignored, which is children," says Ishwarlal (Kenny) Jialal, MD, PhD, Editor-in-Chief of the Journal and Director of the Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research and Professor of Internal Medicine at the University of California, Davis Medical Center (Sacramento). "They clearly show that increasing age, male sex, and adiposity are risk factors for metabolic syndrome in children. They also emphasize the need for future studies to confirm the reported increased prevalence in certain ethnic groups."
###
About the Journal
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders is the only peer-reviewed journal focusing exclusively on the pathophysiology, recognition, and treatment of metabolic syndrome. The Journal covers a range of topics including insulin resistance, central obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia with elevated triglycerides, predominance of small dense LDL-cholesterol particles, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress and inflammation. Complete tables of content and a sample issues may be viewed on the Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders website at http://www.liebertpub.com/met.
About the Publisher
Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers is a privately held, fully integrated media company known for establishing authoritative medical and biomedical peer-reviewed journals, including Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, Population Health Management, Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, and Journal of Women's Health. Its biotechnology trade magazine, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News (GEN), was the first in its field and is today the industry's most widely read publication worldwide. A complete list of the firm's 70 journals, newsmagazines, and books is available on the Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers website at http://www.liebertpub.com.
Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 140 Huguenot Street, New Rochelle, NY 10801-5215 www.liebertpub.com
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Are gender and ethnicity risk factors for metabolic syndrome in children?Public release date: 30-Jan-2013 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Vicki Cohn vcohn@liebertpub.com 914-740-2100 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc./Genetic Engineering News
New Rochelle, NY, January 30, 2013Metabolic syndrome is more likely to affect children who are obese than overweight or non-overweight and who have other characteristics associated with the disorder, such as high blood pressure or insulin resistance. A new comprehensive and systematic review of the medical literature on metabolic syndrome in children that probed deeper to evaluate the risk associated with gender, ethnicity, and geography was published in Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, a peer-reviewed journal from Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers. The article is available on the Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders website at http://www.liebertpub.com/met.
Amanda Friend, MBChB, Leone Craig, PhD, and Steve Turner, MD, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, assessed data from 85 studies and reported their findings in the article "The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Children: A Systematic Review of the Literature." Overall, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased substantially when comparing groups of overweight or obese children to whole populations of youths.
The authors found significant differences in metabolic syndrome prevalence for boys versus girls and for older compared to younger children. Some evidence suggested that there may also be an association between ethnicity and region of the world where a child lives and the prevalence of metabolic syndromea possible link that warrants further study.
"The authors should be lauded for their comprehensive and careful review of a group that has been largely ignored, which is children," says Ishwarlal (Kenny) Jialal, MD, PhD, Editor-in-Chief of the Journal and Director of the Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research and Professor of Internal Medicine at the University of California, Davis Medical Center (Sacramento). "They clearly show that increasing age, male sex, and adiposity are risk factors for metabolic syndrome in children. They also emphasize the need for future studies to confirm the reported increased prevalence in certain ethnic groups."
###
About the Journal
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders is the only peer-reviewed journal focusing exclusively on the pathophysiology, recognition, and treatment of metabolic syndrome. The Journal covers a range of topics including insulin resistance, central obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia with elevated triglycerides, predominance of small dense LDL-cholesterol particles, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress and inflammation. Complete tables of content and a sample issues may be viewed on the Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders website at http://www.liebertpub.com/met.
About the Publisher
Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers is a privately held, fully integrated media company known for establishing authoritative medical and biomedical peer-reviewed journals, including Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, Population Health Management, Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, and Journal of Women's Health. Its biotechnology trade magazine, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News (GEN), was the first in its field and is today the industry's most widely read publication worldwide. A complete list of the firm's 70 journals, newsmagazines, and books is available on the Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers website at http://www.liebertpub.com.
Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 140 Huguenot Street, New Rochelle, NY 10801-5215 www.liebertpub.com
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Good morning, AdLand. Here's what you need to know today:
As soon as the Super Bowl ends, this ad from?Allstate will play in the first commercial break. The Leo Burnett-created spot stars the beloved bad boy Mayhem, who it turns out is responsible for every single bad thing that has ever happened. SVP of marketing Lisa Cochrane told Ad Age that it's all about timing: "Brothers will embrace, all-time greats will speak and Allstate will unveil a special Mayhem spot in Position 1A right when the game ends." Here's a 60-second version of the 30-second spot.
72andSunny poached Audrey Eden from Deutsch LA to create an event marketing aspect of the agency. She was previously the EVP of experiential marketing at Deutsch.
Qualcomm picked DDB to create corporate image advertising on a $2 million account. Ogilvy was the other finalist.
Sales promotions are back at JCP.?
Brad Emmett is going back to Doner to be an executive creative director. He was previously a senior creative at DeVito/Verdi.
OpenX?and?AdTruth have partnered up to develop a joint mobile targeting campaign. This is the first time advertisers will be able to recognize and reach targeted audiences at scale on mobile devices through a global RTB exchange across both mobile web and mobile application inventory, a capability uniquely possible via AdTruth's mobile bridging technology.
After low-key sangeet and mehndi ceremonies, actress Udita Goswami got married to director Mohit Suri (of Zeher, Kalyug, Woh Lamhe, Raaz: The Mystery Contrinues, Murder 2 fame) in a traditional Punjabi ceremony at Hare Rama Hare Krishna temple?in Juhu, a western Mumbai suburb, on January 29.
Here's a look at the star guests and wedding pictures.
Kangna Ranaut, who worked with Mohit in Raaz: The Mystery Continues, looked refreshing in a sari.
Mohit Suri's cousin Emraan Hashmi arrived with wife Parveen Shahani and son Ayaan (not in the picture).
Emraan will perform a special?dance number at the reception,?on January 31, at the Mahalaxmi Race Course in South Mumbai.
Image: Emraan Hashmi and Parveen Shahani Photographs: Pradeep Bandekar
Udita Goswami looked radiant in her bridal finery. Image: Udita Goswami Photographs: Pradeep Bandekar
Udita and Mohit exchange garlands.
They had been seeing each other for nine years before they decided to tie the knot.
Image: Udita Goswami and Mohit Suri Photographs: Pradeep Bandekar
Mohit Suri took a break from the filming of his new movie Aashiqui 2 for the wedding.
Image: Mohit Suri Photographs: Pradeep Bandekar
Dressed in black and white traditional wear, the groom was escorted to the venue by his grandmother, sister Smiley Suri (who starred in his film Kalyug), cousins Vishesh and Sakshi Bhatt?(Mukesh Bhatt's children) and friends.??
Mohit's mother is the sister of Mahesh and Mukesh Bhatt.
Image: Mohit Suri with his grandmother, sister Smiley Suri, Vishesh Bhatt and Shaheen Bhatt Photographs: Pradeep Bandekar
Kangna's sister Rangoli was also present at the wedding.
Image: Rangoli Photographs: Pradeep Bandekar
Actress?Jacqueline Fernandes, who worked with Mohit in Murder 2,?looked beautiful in her Anarkali dress.
Govinda, who is busy promoting his long-delayed film Deewana Main Deewana, arrives with wife Sunita and daughter Narmada. Image: Narmada, Govinda and Sunita Ahjua Photographs: Pradeep Bandekar
Jannat director Kunal Deshmukh arrives with wife.
Image: Kunal Deshmukh with wife Photographs: Pradeep Bandekar
FILE - In this photo from Saturday, Sept. 18, 2006, ensemble members perform during a dress rehearsal for the musical "Rebecca" at Vienna's Raimund Theatre. Producers for the Broadway production sued its publicist, Marc Thibodeau, in State Supreme Court in Manhattan on Tuesday, Jan. 29, 2013, claiming defamation and breach of contract and fiduciary duty. They claim that Thibodeau sent emails discouraging a possible investor from putting $2.25 million into the show, which is now on hold indefinitely after its collapse in 2012. (AP Photo/Stephan Tirerenberg, File)
FILE - In this photo from Saturday, Sept. 18, 2006, ensemble members perform during a dress rehearsal for the musical "Rebecca" at Vienna's Raimund Theatre. Producers for the Broadway production sued its publicist, Marc Thibodeau, in State Supreme Court in Manhattan on Tuesday, Jan. 29, 2013, claiming defamation and breach of contract and fiduciary duty. They claim that Thibodeau sent emails discouraging a possible investor from putting $2.25 million into the show, which is now on hold indefinitely after its collapse in 2012. (AP Photo/Stephan Tirerenberg, File)
NEW YORK (AP) ? Troubles surrounding the Broadway musical "Rebecca" have snared the show's publicist.
The show's producers sued Marc Thibodeau in New York State Supreme Court on Tuesday, claiming defamation and breach of contract and fiduciary duty.
They say Thibodeau sent emails discouraging a possible investor from putting $2.25 million into the show. Thibodeau also represented "The Phantom of the Opera" for 25 years.
Thibodeau's lawyer, Jeffrey Lichtman, tells The New York Times (http://nyti.ms/116f5Dp ) that his client was an "innocent whistle-blower."
The producers also sued Long Island securities dealer Mark Hotton in October. He is criminally charged with pretending to raise millions from investors in return for a commission and travel expenses.
Hotton's lawyer has said his client didn't set out to defraud the show.
The show is on hold indefinitely.
___
Information from: The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com
China considers lifting video game console ban says report ? SlashGear | Bowden Gaming 9 visitors online now 6 guests, 3 bots, 0 members Max visitors today: 17 at 07:27 am EST This month: 30 at 01-10-2013 08:13 pm EST This year: 30 at 01-10-2013 08:13 pm EST All time: 88 at 10-17-2011 06:46 am EDT
Finding a best Limo service is very tricky. From too many limo rental services, it is realhard to select the best one service. By asking a few simple questions, you can find best limousine service. Below, you should ask them to choose best one.
Licenses and Associations
Every Limousine service should be license number. This license is issued by the State, and a limo company is unable to work legally. In addition, a reputable company such as the NLA should belong to an association. Finally, check with the Better Business Bureau for past complaints regarding your prospective limo service.
Year of Experiences
Business experience is very important. Some of the services under their belt, usually - better than start-ups. If you select the best service, you have to ask.
Insurance
Each vehicle should have commercial vehicle insurance. City vehicles are required for $750,000 in liability coverage. Vehicles that carry eight passengers or more, you should carry at least 1.5 million.
Visit the live
Check the luminous personally. If the car is not available, ask the company to e-mail photos. Observe the model and check inside the facilities, its very necessary.
Reference
The best way to find the best limo service is through word of mouth. If a friend of you have used a companys multiple programs and services. If he/she is happy with that companys service, then you can also choose that company. Above all, this is the best way to secure first-hand reference to a limousine company to choose.
Driver Gratuity
Most limousine services, 15% to 20% gratuity is automatically charged. If the bill or driver gratuity is not included in this classification is the "service charge" to move on to another service. More than likely, you have a black driver, and being deceived by the company we deal with.
Operation Hours
Someone should be available to take your call 24 hours a day. If you are dealing with a limo service, airport transfers are handled with the behavior, dispatchers should be seated around the clock. If the company's main business is out of town weddings, proms, and night, an overnight emergency number is acceptable. No matter the situation, always be your limousine service should be accessible.
Driver Screening
By law, a driver hired by a limo service to take a drug test and a physical is required. State ordered to follow a good company, but the criminal background checks on employees expected to run. In addition to these safeguards, a new driver should have a clean driving record and be familiar with the companys service area.
With all the verification you can choose Picklimo.com.
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Contact: Kate Ramsayer kramsayer@agu.org 202-777-7524 American Geophysical Union
The following highlights summarize research papers that have been recently published in Geophysical Research Letters (GRL), Water Resources Research, Journal of Geophysical Research Planets (JGR-E), Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans (JGR-C), and Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences (JGR-G).
2. Projected U.S. water use likely to increase as climate warms
3. Mercury's crust likely made of magnesium-rich basalt
4. Assessing the Great Whirl, despite all the pirates
5. Tracing the origin of Arctic driftwood
6. Low density of Earth's core due to oxygen and silicon impurities
7. Understanding the structure of subducting plates
Anyone may read the scientific abstract for any already-published paper by clicking on the link provided at the end of each Highlight. You can also read the abstract by going to http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ and inserting into the search engine the full doi (digital object identifier), e.g. 10.1002/grl.50095. The doi is found at the end of each Highlight below.
Journalists and public information officers (PIOs) at educational or scientific institutions who are registered with AGU also may download papers cited in this release by clicking on the links below.
**Please note** AGU has recently partnered with Wiley, which will now publish AGU's journals. Registered reporters should have received an email from Wiley the week of 7 January with a new login and password, which will allow them to access journal articles for free through the Wiley Online Library at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/. If you are a reporter and have not yet registered for a complimentary press subscription, please fill out the form at http://sites.agu.org/sciencepolicy/agu-press-subscriptions/.
Jupiter's volcanic moon Io spews out volcanic gas, which reaches its atmosphere and becomes ionized, forming what is known as the Io plasma torus. This plasma torus can interact with Jupiter's magnetosphere, possibly affecting auroral activity there. To help determine whether Io's volcanic activity affects Jupiter's magnetosphere, Yoneda et al. analyzed ground-based observations of Jupiter's sodium nebula, which provides an indication of Io's volcanic activity and plasma content in the Io plasma torus, along with satellite-based measurements of radio emission called HOM emission, which is a sign of Jupiter's auroral activity.
They observe that Jupiter's sodium nebula was enhanced in late May through early June 2007, indicating that Io's volcanic activity increased during that period. The researchers observe that shortly after this enhancement began, Jupiter's HOM emission intensity decreased. As a result, the authors conclude that increased volcanic activity on Io lessens auroral activity in Jupiter's magnetosphere.
Source:
Geophysical Research Letters, doi: 10.1002/grl.50095, 2013
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50095/abstract
Title:
Io's volcanism controls Jupiter's radio emissions
Authors:
M. Yoneda, F. Tsuchiya, H. Misawa, M. Kagitani, and S. Okano: Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai city, Miyagi prefecture, Japan;
B. Bonfond: Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphrique et Plantaire, Universit de Lige, Lige, Belgium;
C. Tao: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo ward, Sagamihara city, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan.
2. Projected U.S. water use likely to increase as climate warms
Despite increases in efficiency, water demand in the United States is likely to increase substantially in the future if climate continues to warm, new projections indicate. Brown et al. project future water use to 2090 based on past trends from U.S. Geological Survey water use data from 1960 to 2005 and trends in efficiency. They project U.S. water demand under climate change scenarios using three different global circulation models; they ran each model for three different global socioeconomic scenarios adapted from the scenarios used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
They project that with no climate change, because of increasing efficiency, water demand in the United States over the next 50 years would stay within 3 percent of current demand, even with an expected 50 percent increase in population. The projections varied between the different climate models and emissions scenarios, but most show that if there is climate warming, projected water demand would rise substantially. This increased demand would be due mainly to increases in the need for water for irrigation as rising temperatures increase evapotranspiration. Electricity generation for additional air conditioning as temperatures rise would also contribute to increased water demand, though to a much lesser extent. The authors caution that projected increased demand under climate warming may lead to unsustainable water use even if available water supplies do not diminish as climate warms.
Source:
Water Resources Research, doi: 10.1002/wrcr.20076, 2013
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wrcr.20076/abstract
Title:
Projected freshwater withdrawals in the United States under a changing climate
Authors:
Thomas C. Brown: Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;
Romano Foti: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA;
Jorge A. Ramirez: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
3. Mercury's crust likely made of magnesium-rich basalt
With both x-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers, the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging probe (MESSENGER), which entered orbit around Mercury in 2011, is well equipped for carrying out a detailed compositional analysis of Mercury's crust, the understanding of which could help determine the nature of the planet's formation, and of its volcanic past.
Using spectrometric measurements and laboratory analyses of Mercury surface-analogue samples, Stockstill-Cahill et al. determine that the upper layers of Mercury's crust most closely resemble magnesian basalt terrestrial rocks, though with lower iron concentrations. To make their determination, the authors used a software package known as MELTS to simulate the cooling and crystallization of potential Mercurian lavas with different chemical compositions, estimating the temperatures at which minerals would crystallize out of the molten lava and the abundances of different mineral species. Similarly, the authors simulated the cooling of magnesium-rich terrestrial rocks and of meteoritic samples.
Based on their chemical compositional analysis, the authors infer a number of properties for an early lava on Mercury. They suggest that the lava would have had a very low viscosity, streaming across the surface in widespread but thin layers. Further, they calculate that the temperatures required to produce the magnesium-rich lava would have been much higher than for terrestrial rocks not enriched in magnesium. The authors say that the low-viscosity lava would leave tell-tale marks on the planet's surface that could be identified through further MESSENGER observations.
Source:
Journal of Geophysical Research-Planets, doi: 10.1029/2012JE004140, 2012
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012JE004140/abstract
Title:
Magnesium-rich crustal compositions on Mercury: Implications for magmatism from petrologic modeling
Authors:
Karen R. Stockstill-Cahill and Timothy J. McCoy: Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA;
Larry R. Nittler and Shoshana Z. Weider: Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, District of Columbia, USA;
Steven A. Hauck, II: Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
4. Assessing the Great Whirl, despite all the pirates
Each year, the powerful southwest monsoon ramps up in midsummer, bringing life-giving rains to the Indian subcontinent. The monsoon winds also drive dramatic changes in the regional ocean currents, including a reversal in the circulation of the Arabian Sea, an energetic eddy field, and strong coastal upwelling. Off the east coast of Somalia, a large (300 to 550 kilometer wide, or 186 to 342 mile wide) anticyclone appearsknown since 1876 as the Great Whirlwith surface currents as strong as 2.5 meters per second (8.2 feet per second). The Great Whirl, while associated with the seasonal arrival of the southwest monsoon, is not caused entirely by it; the circulation of the Great Whirl starts a month before, and persists for a month after, the monsoon.
Although the existence of the Great Whirl has been known for more than a century, rampant piracy in the waters off Somalia has prevented researchers from directly observing its behavior using modern oceanographic tools and techniques. To get around this limitation, Beal and Donohue used satellite observations of sea surface height to measure the intraseasonal evolution and interannual variation of the powerful anticyclone. The satellite altimetry measurements, collected from 1993 to 2010, supplemented measurements made during five research cruises conducted in 1995.
The authors find that the Great Whirl persists for roughly 166 days each year, initiating around May, strengthening and intensifying with the June arrival of the monsoon, and dissipating by November. They find that the Great Whirl is often ringed by smaller anticyclones that travel clockwise around its outside edge. Further, they find that rather than evolving gradually over the summer season, the anticyclone's size and shape can vary quickly.
Source:
Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, doi: 10.1029/2012JC008198, 2013
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012JC008198/abstract
Title:
The Great Whirl: Observations of its seasonal development and interannual variability
Authors:
L. M. Beal: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, USA;
K. A. Donohue: Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narrangansett, USA.
5. Tracing the origin of Arctic driftwood
Tracking the origin of driftwood samples could help scientists to reconstruct past currents in the Arctic Ocean, a new study suggests. Arctic currents are likely to be affected by changing climate, but there are few observations that provide evidence on past current dynamics.
To evaluate the potential use of driftwood samples, Hellmann et al. analyzed 1445 driftwood remains collected in east Greenland and Svalbard, the largest compilation of Arctic driftwood samples so far compiled and analyzed. They were able to characterize four coniferous genera (Pinus, Larix, Picea, and Abies) and three deciduous genera (Populus, Salix, and Betula). At the species level, they distinguish two species of pine, which accounted for 40 percent of their samples. The pine originated mainly from western and central Siberia. Larch and spruce samples, which represented 26 percent and 18 percent, respectively, could have originated from either Siberia or North America, the authors report. They note that in addition to helping to reconstruct past currents, analysis of driftwood samples can help scientists to evaluate past environmental conditions during the sample tree's life span.
Source:
Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, doi: 10.1002/jgrg.20022, 2013
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jgrg.20022/abstract
Title:
Tracing the origin of Arctic driftwood
Authors:
Lena Hellmann: Swiss Federal Research Institute, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland;
Willy Tegel: Institute for Forest Growth IWW, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;
Fritz Hans Schweingruber: Swiss Federal Research Institute, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland and Institute for Forest Growth IWW, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;
Robert Blanchette: University of Minnesota, Department of Plant Pathology, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA;
Alexander Kirdyanov: V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
Holger Grtner: Swiss Federal Research Institute, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland;
Ulf Bntgen: Swiss Federal Research Institute, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland.
6. Low density of Earth's core due to oxygen and silicon impurities
During accretion and differentiation of the Earth, chemical interactions in a silicate magma ocean and liquid iron drove silicon and oxygen impurities into what went on to become the liquid outer core. Contrasting with previous research, which suggested that silicon and oxygen would only appear in very low concentrations (less than 1 percent by weight) in the liquid iron, Tsuno et al. find that at the base of a magma ocean 1,200 kilometers (750 miles) deep, these light elements could reach concentrations as high as 5 percent oxygen and 8 percent silicon by weight, simultaneously. Such impurity levels would decrease the density of the outer core, accounting for the so-called "density deficit" identified in previous research, whereby the outer core is roughly 10 percent less dense than a pure iron-nickel alloy.
The researchers also propose that at the present-day core-mantle boundary, high temperatures would drive additional silicon and oxygen into the core, creating a light, element-rich, buoyant layer on the top of the liquid outer core. They suggest that evidence for such a layer may have been observed in seismic studies.
Using a multianvil press, the authors drove a mixture of iron, magnesium silicate, silicon dioxide, and the iron oxide wstite to 25 gigapascals (6.2 million pounds per square inch) of pressure and temperatures from 2,700 to 3,080 Kelvin (4,400 to 5,084 degrees Fahrenheit). They find that at temperatures below 3,000 Kelvin (4,940 degrees Fahrenheit), silicon and oxygen in the iron melt were mutually exclusive, with concentrations not rising above the low levels identified in previous research. Above 3,000 Kelvin (4,940 degrees Fahrenheit), however, they find that the presence of oxygen actually enhanced the partitioning of silicon into the iron, with the concentrations of both silicon and oxygen increasing.
Source:
Geophysical Research Letters, doi: 10.1029/2012GL054116, 2013
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012GL054116/abstract
Title:
Simultaneous partitioning of silicon and oxygen into the Earth's core during early Earth differentiation
Authors:
Kyusei Tsuno: Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universitt Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany and Department of Earth Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA;
Daniel J Frost and David C Rubie: Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universitt Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
7. Understanding the structure of subducting plates
Seismic studies are helping scientists learn more about the structure of subducting oceanic plates. Using an airgun array and 80 ocean bottom seismometers spaced along a 500 kilometer (310 mile) profile, Fujie et al. conducted a seismic reflection and refraction survey at the Kuril trench in the northwestern Pacific margin, where part of the Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk plate. They estimate the water content of the subducting plate by measuring the velocity of seismic wavesboth P waves and S wavesthrough the plate. The V sub p over V sub s ratio is an indicator of the lithology, porosity, and presence of fluid in the plate. Their findings show that the water content in the plate increased toward the trench, along with greater bending and fracturing, suggesting that water enters the plate through the fractures. The authors conclude that the bending and fracturing of the plate as it subducts plays an important role in the water cycle in subduction zones.
Source:
Geophysical Research Letters, doi: 10.1029/2012GL054340, 2013
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012GL054340/abstract
Title:
Systematic changes in the incoming plate structure at the Kuril trench
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Contact: Kate Ramsayer kramsayer@agu.org 202-777-7524 American Geophysical Union
The following highlights summarize research papers that have been recently published in Geophysical Research Letters (GRL), Water Resources Research, Journal of Geophysical Research Planets (JGR-E), Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans (JGR-C), and Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences (JGR-G).
2. Projected U.S. water use likely to increase as climate warms
3. Mercury's crust likely made of magnesium-rich basalt
4. Assessing the Great Whirl, despite all the pirates
5. Tracing the origin of Arctic driftwood
6. Low density of Earth's core due to oxygen and silicon impurities
7. Understanding the structure of subducting plates
Anyone may read the scientific abstract for any already-published paper by clicking on the link provided at the end of each Highlight. You can also read the abstract by going to http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ and inserting into the search engine the full doi (digital object identifier), e.g. 10.1002/grl.50095. The doi is found at the end of each Highlight below.
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Jupiter's volcanic moon Io spews out volcanic gas, which reaches its atmosphere and becomes ionized, forming what is known as the Io plasma torus. This plasma torus can interact with Jupiter's magnetosphere, possibly affecting auroral activity there. To help determine whether Io's volcanic activity affects Jupiter's magnetosphere, Yoneda et al. analyzed ground-based observations of Jupiter's sodium nebula, which provides an indication of Io's volcanic activity and plasma content in the Io plasma torus, along with satellite-based measurements of radio emission called HOM emission, which is a sign of Jupiter's auroral activity.
They observe that Jupiter's sodium nebula was enhanced in late May through early June 2007, indicating that Io's volcanic activity increased during that period. The researchers observe that shortly after this enhancement began, Jupiter's HOM emission intensity decreased. As a result, the authors conclude that increased volcanic activity on Io lessens auroral activity in Jupiter's magnetosphere.
Source:
Geophysical Research Letters, doi: 10.1002/grl.50095, 2013
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50095/abstract
Title:
Io's volcanism controls Jupiter's radio emissions
Authors:
M. Yoneda, F. Tsuchiya, H. Misawa, M. Kagitani, and S. Okano: Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai city, Miyagi prefecture, Japan;
B. Bonfond: Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphrique et Plantaire, Universit de Lige, Lige, Belgium;
C. Tao: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo ward, Sagamihara city, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan.
2. Projected U.S. water use likely to increase as climate warms
Despite increases in efficiency, water demand in the United States is likely to increase substantially in the future if climate continues to warm, new projections indicate. Brown et al. project future water use to 2090 based on past trends from U.S. Geological Survey water use data from 1960 to 2005 and trends in efficiency. They project U.S. water demand under climate change scenarios using three different global circulation models; they ran each model for three different global socioeconomic scenarios adapted from the scenarios used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
They project that with no climate change, because of increasing efficiency, water demand in the United States over the next 50 years would stay within 3 percent of current demand, even with an expected 50 percent increase in population. The projections varied between the different climate models and emissions scenarios, but most show that if there is climate warming, projected water demand would rise substantially. This increased demand would be due mainly to increases in the need for water for irrigation as rising temperatures increase evapotranspiration. Electricity generation for additional air conditioning as temperatures rise would also contribute to increased water demand, though to a much lesser extent. The authors caution that projected increased demand under climate warming may lead to unsustainable water use even if available water supplies do not diminish as climate warms.
Source:
Water Resources Research, doi: 10.1002/wrcr.20076, 2013
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wrcr.20076/abstract
Title:
Projected freshwater withdrawals in the United States under a changing climate
Authors:
Thomas C. Brown: Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;
Romano Foti: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA;
Jorge A. Ramirez: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
3. Mercury's crust likely made of magnesium-rich basalt
With both x-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers, the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging probe (MESSENGER), which entered orbit around Mercury in 2011, is well equipped for carrying out a detailed compositional analysis of Mercury's crust, the understanding of which could help determine the nature of the planet's formation, and of its volcanic past.
Using spectrometric measurements and laboratory analyses of Mercury surface-analogue samples, Stockstill-Cahill et al. determine that the upper layers of Mercury's crust most closely resemble magnesian basalt terrestrial rocks, though with lower iron concentrations. To make their determination, the authors used a software package known as MELTS to simulate the cooling and crystallization of potential Mercurian lavas with different chemical compositions, estimating the temperatures at which minerals would crystallize out of the molten lava and the abundances of different mineral species. Similarly, the authors simulated the cooling of magnesium-rich terrestrial rocks and of meteoritic samples.
Based on their chemical compositional analysis, the authors infer a number of properties for an early lava on Mercury. They suggest that the lava would have had a very low viscosity, streaming across the surface in widespread but thin layers. Further, they calculate that the temperatures required to produce the magnesium-rich lava would have been much higher than for terrestrial rocks not enriched in magnesium. The authors say that the low-viscosity lava would leave tell-tale marks on the planet's surface that could be identified through further MESSENGER observations.
Source:
Journal of Geophysical Research-Planets, doi: 10.1029/2012JE004140, 2012
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012JE004140/abstract
Title:
Magnesium-rich crustal compositions on Mercury: Implications for magmatism from petrologic modeling
Authors:
Karen R. Stockstill-Cahill and Timothy J. McCoy: Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA;
Larry R. Nittler and Shoshana Z. Weider: Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, District of Columbia, USA;
Steven A. Hauck, II: Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
4. Assessing the Great Whirl, despite all the pirates
Each year, the powerful southwest monsoon ramps up in midsummer, bringing life-giving rains to the Indian subcontinent. The monsoon winds also drive dramatic changes in the regional ocean currents, including a reversal in the circulation of the Arabian Sea, an energetic eddy field, and strong coastal upwelling. Off the east coast of Somalia, a large (300 to 550 kilometer wide, or 186 to 342 mile wide) anticyclone appearsknown since 1876 as the Great Whirlwith surface currents as strong as 2.5 meters per second (8.2 feet per second). The Great Whirl, while associated with the seasonal arrival of the southwest monsoon, is not caused entirely by it; the circulation of the Great Whirl starts a month before, and persists for a month after, the monsoon.
Although the existence of the Great Whirl has been known for more than a century, rampant piracy in the waters off Somalia has prevented researchers from directly observing its behavior using modern oceanographic tools and techniques. To get around this limitation, Beal and Donohue used satellite observations of sea surface height to measure the intraseasonal evolution and interannual variation of the powerful anticyclone. The satellite altimetry measurements, collected from 1993 to 2010, supplemented measurements made during five research cruises conducted in 1995.
The authors find that the Great Whirl persists for roughly 166 days each year, initiating around May, strengthening and intensifying with the June arrival of the monsoon, and dissipating by November. They find that the Great Whirl is often ringed by smaller anticyclones that travel clockwise around its outside edge. Further, they find that rather than evolving gradually over the summer season, the anticyclone's size and shape can vary quickly.
Source:
Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, doi: 10.1029/2012JC008198, 2013
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012JC008198/abstract
Title:
The Great Whirl: Observations of its seasonal development and interannual variability
Authors:
L. M. Beal: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, USA;
K. A. Donohue: Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narrangansett, USA.
5. Tracing the origin of Arctic driftwood
Tracking the origin of driftwood samples could help scientists to reconstruct past currents in the Arctic Ocean, a new study suggests. Arctic currents are likely to be affected by changing climate, but there are few observations that provide evidence on past current dynamics.
To evaluate the potential use of driftwood samples, Hellmann et al. analyzed 1445 driftwood remains collected in east Greenland and Svalbard, the largest compilation of Arctic driftwood samples so far compiled and analyzed. They were able to characterize four coniferous genera (Pinus, Larix, Picea, and Abies) and three deciduous genera (Populus, Salix, and Betula). At the species level, they distinguish two species of pine, which accounted for 40 percent of their samples. The pine originated mainly from western and central Siberia. Larch and spruce samples, which represented 26 percent and 18 percent, respectively, could have originated from either Siberia or North America, the authors report. They note that in addition to helping to reconstruct past currents, analysis of driftwood samples can help scientists to evaluate past environmental conditions during the sample tree's life span.
Source:
Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, doi: 10.1002/jgrg.20022, 2013
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jgrg.20022/abstract
Title:
Tracing the origin of Arctic driftwood
Authors:
Lena Hellmann: Swiss Federal Research Institute, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland;
Willy Tegel: Institute for Forest Growth IWW, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;
Fritz Hans Schweingruber: Swiss Federal Research Institute, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland and Institute for Forest Growth IWW, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;
Robert Blanchette: University of Minnesota, Department of Plant Pathology, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA;
Alexander Kirdyanov: V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
Holger Grtner: Swiss Federal Research Institute, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland;
Ulf Bntgen: Swiss Federal Research Institute, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland.
6. Low density of Earth's core due to oxygen and silicon impurities
During accretion and differentiation of the Earth, chemical interactions in a silicate magma ocean and liquid iron drove silicon and oxygen impurities into what went on to become the liquid outer core. Contrasting with previous research, which suggested that silicon and oxygen would only appear in very low concentrations (less than 1 percent by weight) in the liquid iron, Tsuno et al. find that at the base of a magma ocean 1,200 kilometers (750 miles) deep, these light elements could reach concentrations as high as 5 percent oxygen and 8 percent silicon by weight, simultaneously. Such impurity levels would decrease the density of the outer core, accounting for the so-called "density deficit" identified in previous research, whereby the outer core is roughly 10 percent less dense than a pure iron-nickel alloy.
The researchers also propose that at the present-day core-mantle boundary, high temperatures would drive additional silicon and oxygen into the core, creating a light, element-rich, buoyant layer on the top of the liquid outer core. They suggest that evidence for such a layer may have been observed in seismic studies.
Using a multianvil press, the authors drove a mixture of iron, magnesium silicate, silicon dioxide, and the iron oxide wstite to 25 gigapascals (6.2 million pounds per square inch) of pressure and temperatures from 2,700 to 3,080 Kelvin (4,400 to 5,084 degrees Fahrenheit). They find that at temperatures below 3,000 Kelvin (4,940 degrees Fahrenheit), silicon and oxygen in the iron melt were mutually exclusive, with concentrations not rising above the low levels identified in previous research. Above 3,000 Kelvin (4,940 degrees Fahrenheit), however, they find that the presence of oxygen actually enhanced the partitioning of silicon into the iron, with the concentrations of both silicon and oxygen increasing.
Source:
Geophysical Research Letters, doi: 10.1029/2012GL054116, 2013
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012GL054116/abstract
Title:
Simultaneous partitioning of silicon and oxygen into the Earth's core during early Earth differentiation
Authors:
Kyusei Tsuno: Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universitt Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany and Department of Earth Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA;
Daniel J Frost and David C Rubie: Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universitt Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
7. Understanding the structure of subducting plates
Seismic studies are helping scientists learn more about the structure of subducting oceanic plates. Using an airgun array and 80 ocean bottom seismometers spaced along a 500 kilometer (310 mile) profile, Fujie et al. conducted a seismic reflection and refraction survey at the Kuril trench in the northwestern Pacific margin, where part of the Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk plate. They estimate the water content of the subducting plate by measuring the velocity of seismic wavesboth P waves and S wavesthrough the plate. The V sub p over V sub s ratio is an indicator of the lithology, porosity, and presence of fluid in the plate. Their findings show that the water content in the plate increased toward the trench, along with greater bending and fracturing, suggesting that water enters the plate through the fractures. The authors conclude that the bending and fracturing of the plate as it subducts plays an important role in the water cycle in subduction zones.
Source:
Geophysical Research Letters, doi: 10.1029/2012GL054340, 2013
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012GL054340/abstract
Title:
Systematic changes in the incoming plate structure at the Kuril trench
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Editorial independence is kind of a polemic?at TechCrunch. When our corporate parent, a sister or an advertiser might have an issue with story, we write it anyways. So, we have an offer to make to the writers at CNET. Its parent company CBS?has decreed that CNET's latest Aereo review, barring something changing,?will be its last. A disclosure statement on a recent news article about the Aero states bluntly:
?Barack Obama and John Boehner made nice for the inauguration, but more fights loom on the debt ceiling and fiscal cliff.
Photo by Jonathan Ernst/Getty Images
The global economy this year will exhibit some similarities with the conditions that prevailed in 2012. No surprise there: We face another year in which global growth will average about 3 percent, but with a multispeed recovery?a subpar, below-trend annual rate of 1 percent in the advanced economies, and close-to-trend rates of 5 percent in emerging markets. But there will be some important differences as well.
Painful deleveraging?less spending and more saving to reduce debt and leverage?remains ongoing in most advanced economies, which implies slow economic growth. But fiscal austerity will envelop most advanced economies this year, rather than just the Eurozone periphery and the United Kingdom. Indeed, austerity is spreading to the core of the Eurozone, the United States, and other advanced economies (with the exception of Japan). Given synchronized fiscal retrenchment in most advanced economies, another year of mediocre growth could give way to outright contraction in some countries.
With growth anemic in most advanced economies, the rally in risky assets that began in the second half of 2012 has not been driven by improved fundamentals, but rather by fresh rounds of unconventional monetary policy. Most major advanced economies? central banks?the European Central Bank, the US Federal Reserve, the Bank of England, and the Swiss National Bank?have engaged in some form of quantitative easing, and they are now likely to be joined by the Bank of Japan, which is being pushed toward more unconventional policies by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe?s new government.
Moreover, several risks lie ahead. First, America?s mini-deal on taxes has not steered it fully away from the fiscal cliff. Sooner or later, another ugly fight will take place on the debt ceiling, the delayed sequester of spending, and a congressional ?continuing spending resolution? (an agreement to allow the government to continue functioning in the absence of an appropriations law). Markets may become spooked by another fiscal cliffhanger. And even the current mini-deal implies a significant amount of drag?about 1.4 percent of GDP?on an economy that has grown at barely 2 percent over the last few quarters.
Second, while the ECB?s actions have reduced tail risks in the Eurozone?a Greek exit and/or loss of market access for Italy and Spain?the monetary union?s fundamental problems have not been resolved. Together with political uncertainty, they will re-emerge with full force in the second half of the year.
After all, stagnation and outright recession?exacerbated by front-loaded fiscal austerity, a strong euro, and an ongoing credit crunch?remain Europe?s norm. As a result, large stocks of private and public debt remain. Moreover, given aging populations and low productivity growth, potential output is likely to be eroded in the absence of more aggressive structural reforms to boost competitiveness, leaving the private sector no reason to finance chronic current-account deficits.
Third, China has had to rely on another round of monetary, fiscal, and credit stimulus to prop up an unbalanced and unsustainable growth model based on excessive exports and fixed investment, high saving, and low consumption. By the second half of the year, the investment bust in real estate, infrastructure, and industrial capacity will accelerate. And, because the country?s new leadership?which is conservative, gradualist, and consensus-driven?is unlikely to speed up implementation of reforms needed to increase household income and reduce precautionary saving, consumption as a share of GDP will not rise fast enough to compensate. So the risk of a hard landing will rise by the end of this year.
Fourth, many emerging markets?including the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), but also many others?are now experiencing decelerating growth. Their ?state capitalism??a large role for state-owned companies; an even larger role for state-owned banks; resource nationalism; import-substitution industrialization; and financial protectionism and controls on foreign direct investment?is the heart of the problem. Whether they will embrace reforms aimed at boosting the private sector?s role in economic growth remains to be seen.
Finally, serious geopolitical risks loom large. The entire greater Middle East?from the Maghreb to Afghanistan and Pakistan?is socially, economically, and politically unstable. Indeed, the Arab Spring is turning into an Arab Winter. While an outright military conflict between Israel and the U.S. on one side and Iran on the other side remains unlikely, it is clear that negotiations and sanctions will not induce Iran?s leaders to abandon efforts to develop nuclear weapons. With Israel refusing to accept a nuclear-armed Iran, and its patience wearing thin, the drums of actual war will beat harder. The fear premium in oil markets may significantly rise and increase oil prices by 20 percent, leading to negative growth effects in the U.S., Europe, Japan, China, India and all other advanced economies and emerging markets that are net oil importers.
While the chance of a perfect storm is low, any one of them alone would be enough to stall the global economy and tip it into recession. And while they may not all emerge in the most extreme way, each is or will be appearing in some form. As 2013 begins, the downside risks to the global economy are gathering force.
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?Barack Obama and John Boehner made nice for the inauguration, but more fights loom on the debt ceiling and fiscal cliff.